Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some microorganisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into chemical energy. Capturing light In plants, chlorophyll and other… Read more

Weather forecasts combine observations from satellites, radar, weather stations, balloons, and aircraft with computer models of the atmosphere. Collecting observations Weather stations measure temperature, pressure, humidity, wind, and precipitation. Radar… Read more

The Internet of Things describes physical devices that collect data, communicate over networks, and sometimes respond automatically. Examples include sensors, appliances, vehicles, and industrial equipment. How IoT systems work A… Read more

3D printing creates physical objects from digital designs by adding material layer by layer. Different printers use plastics, resins, metals, ceramics, or other materials. From digital model to object A… Read more

Solar panels use photovoltaic cells to convert light into electrical energy. When light reaches the cells, it causes charged particles to move through an electrical circuit. Photovoltaic cells Most solar… Read more

Stars begin in large clouds of gas and dust. Gravity pulls material together until pressure and temperature rise enough for nuclear fusion to begin in the core. Stellar nurseries Cold… Read more

Astronomy studies objects and processes beyond Earth, including planets, stars, galaxies, and cosmic radiation. Observations across different wavelengths reveal information that visible light alone cannot show. What astronomy studies Astronomy… Read more

Sunlight contains many colors. When it enters Earth’s atmosphere, small gas molecules scatter shorter blue wavelengths more strongly than longer red wavelengths. What sunlight contains Visible sunlight is a mixture… Read more

Water continually moves through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, and runoff. Energy from the Sun drives much of this circulation. Evaporation and transpiration Heat changes liquid water in oceans, lakes, rivers,… Read more